Fitowar 1 Oktoba, 2026

Neutrinos suna zuwa da nauyi iri uku. Ba wanda ya san ainihin tsarinsu. Shin na uku ya fi na farko nauyi, ko ya fi shi sauƙi?

A ƙarƙashin mita 650 na dutse a kudancin Sin, JUNO tana kallon tan 20,000 na ruwa mai haskakawa. Tana kama antineutrinos daga zuciyoyin reactor takwas, a nisan kilomita 52.5. Kowanne yana barin ɗan ƙaramin walƙiya. A cikin kwanaki 207: guda 8,294.

Sakamakon: ƙimomi mafi kaifi a duniya na ma'aunin neutrino biyu, zuwa kusan kashi 1 zuwa 2%. Da auna na farko na JUNO na na uku, zuwa kusan 1%.

Idan aka haɗa da gwaje-gwajen accelerator, bayanan suna goyon bayan tsarin "na al'ada" (normal). Wani bincike ya sanya damar a kusan 10 zuwa 1. Wani kuma ya ba da sigma 2.1. Ƙungiyar ta kira shi alama, ba hukunci ba. Ƙarin shekaru na bayanai za su faɗa.

Tushe: Measurement of Neutrino Oscillation Parameters at JUNO and Indication of the Neutrino Mass Ordering, https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37895

Some particles have a spin of one half. Measure it, and quantum rules allow two answers: +½ or −½. Nothing else. So how can a measurement give 7?

In 1988, three physicists found a loophole. Measure very gently. Then keep only the rare cases that end in an unlikely state. The average can land far outside the allowed range.

Their spin experiment was never done. A Toronto team has now done it. They used rubidium atoms cooled into a single quantum wave.

After a tiny magnetic push, the selected atoms moved as if pushed 14 times harder. In spin terms: a result of 7, with an error of ±3. Physics is not broken. The trick is interference — and a lot of thrown-away atoms.

Source: Measuring the spin of a spin-1/2 and getting a result of 7, https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37822

Can nesa bayan Neptune, Haumea tana juyawa, ƙaramar duniya mai tsawo. Kwana ɗaya a can yana ɗaukar kusan awa 3.9. Me ke cikinta?

Watanninta biyu, Hi'iaka da Namaka, suna riƙe da amsar. Duniya mai juyawa da aka danne tana jan watanninta ta wata hanya ta musamman. Kewayoyinsu suna karkacewa a hankali.

Wata ƙungiyar Amurka ta bi waɗannan watanni a kan shekaru 20 na hotunan Hubble. Karkacewar ta yi ƙanƙanta ga jiki mai daidaito. Dole ne Haumea ta ɓoye zuciya mai nauyi ta dutse a ƙarƙashin mantle na ƙanƙara.

Yawan (density) zuciyar, kilogram 2,500 zuwa 3,500 a kowace mita mai kubi, ya dace da dutsen da ruwa ya sauya. Don haka ruwa mai gudana ya taɓa cika cikin wannan duniya mai daskarewa. Wataƙila har teku. Marubutan suna ganin yawancin manyan duniyoyi a can sun bi hanya ɗaya.

Tushe: The Dense, Rocky Core of Haumea Revealed by Satellite Dynamics, https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36037

Each morning on Mars, a thin white cloud grows from the Arsia Mons volcano. In three hours it can stretch 1,800 km. No model had ever reproduced its long tail.

Cloud ice usually forms on dust grains. Forming straight from vapour needs extreme humidity. On Earth, that is considered impossible in real air.

A Paris team added this "dust-free" ice to a Martian weather model. In a cold pocket over the volcano, humidity reaches 100,000 times saturation. Hundreds of crystals per cubic centimetre appear. The cloud's tail then comes out right.

The authors warn: this is their draft before peer review, with known errors fixed later. The reviewed version says the clouds "suggest" this process. If it holds, a textbook idea has finally been seen at work.

Source: Homogeneous Nucleation of Water Vapor Evidenced by Elongated Clouds on Mars, https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37259

Faranti na Duniya suna zamewa a kan wani laushin layi na mantle. Ɗan dutse mai narkewa kaɗan zai iya sanya shi santsi. Amma da wane sauƙi wannan magma ke gudana, can cikin zurfi?

Idan ka matsa yawancin abubuwa, sukan ƙara tauri. Gwaje-gwaje sun ce magma na basalt yana yin akasin haka, har zuwa wani mataki. Sannan masu suka suka ce kuskure ne na ɗakin gwaji.

Wata ƙungiyar Sin da Jamus ta kwaikwayi narkakken basalt atom bayan atom. Wata hanyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyi (neural network) ta hanzarta lissafin ƙarfin matakin quantum. Har zuwa kwaikwayo 600 ga kowane yanayi. Hukunci: a 2,073 K, kauri (viscosity) yana raguwa da kusan 19% zuwa 3 GPa, sannan ya sake ƙaruwa. Atom na aluminium masu sauya abokan haɗi suna sauƙaƙa gudanar.

Abin mamaki: wannan raguwar ba ta bayyana dalilin da yasa magma ke taruwa a ƙarƙashin faranti ba. Zafi ne ke bayyanawa. Zurfafa masu zafi suna sa narkakke ya yi ruwa-ruwa. Tuddai masu sanyi suna rage saurinsa har sai ya tsaya.

Tushe: Anomalous pressure-dependent viscosity of basaltic melts and its role in asthenosphere melt accumulation, https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36623

Ka fenti kowace aya ta shimfiɗa. Doka: ayoyi biyu da ke da nisa daidai 1 ba za su taɓa raba launi ba. Launi nawa kake buƙata? An tambaya a 1950, har yanzu a buɗe yake: tsakanin 5 da 7.

Yanzu ka canza rula. Masana lissafi za su iya auna nisa ta hanyoyi marasa adadi, waɗanda ake kira norms. A girma d, rula ta yau da kullum tana buƙatar adadin launuka da ke fashewa.

Noga Alon, Matija Bucić da James Davies sun tunkari norms "na yau da kullum". A can, launuka 2d koyaushe sun isa. Kuma wasu norms suna buƙatar daidai 2d. Girma goma, launuka ashirin.

A kan hanya sun warware wani hasashe (conjecture) na Schoenberg na 1978. Sun kuma danganta hujjar lemma ɗinsu na ƙarshe da ya rage ga ChatGPT 6 Pro. Marubutan sun taimaka wajen jagorantarsa da ra'ayoyinsu.

Tushe: Hadwiger–Nelson Problem for Typical Norms, https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36220

In May 2025, a 75,000-tonne container ship ran aground in the Red Sea. Its GPS had reportedly been fed a false position. It stayed stuck for over five weeks. How common is that?

A Georgia Tech team checked position reports from over 367,000 ships. The survey spanned about ten weeks. They flagged impossible motion, then looked for many ships fooled at once.

Result: 17,936 suspicious episodes and 31 hotspots. At least 22 show strong signs of GPS spoofing. Ships loop in circles off the Black Sea coast. Others jump onto a Jordanian airport, far inland.

The same fake track that preceded the Red Sea grounding appeared there five months earlier. The authors propose spoofing risk maps for sailors, like weather charts.

Source: She Spoofed Sea Ships by the Sea Shore: Measuring Large-Scale GPS Spoofing in Global Maritime Traffic, https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37676

Touch a ripe seed pod of Impatiens balsamina and it bursts, flinging its seeds. Engineers in Hangzhou copied the trick to deliver tiny robots inside the stomach.

Their capsule is about 8 mm wide. A soft silicone dome is turned inside out, like a spring. A gel with iron nanoparticles holds it in place.

Magnets guide the closed capsule to its target. Then an alternating magnetic field warms the gel to about 41 °C. The gel gives way. In under 50 ms the dome snaps back and shoots out its cargo at 1 m/s.

It worked on a printed track and on a pig stomach outside the body. No living animal yet, and the gel must still face stomach acid. Four of the authors have filed a patent.

Source: A Bioinspired Magnetothermally Triggered Capsule for Rapid Microrobot Release, https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37598

Sulfur is a common element in the universe. But in the cold clouds where stars are born, less than 5% of it shows up. Where is the rest?

A Japanese-Spanish team recreated those conditions in a vacuum chamber at −263 °C. They made single sulfur atoms on a film of space-like dust, sometimes buried under ice.

They warmed the dust to 180 K, then to room temperature. About half of the atoms stayed put, chemically bonded to the silicate. Even atoms dropped on ice dug their way down to it.

In a model of a forming cloud, 10 to 20% of all sulfur gets stuck. Invisible to telescopes, it should only escape when shock waves heat the dust. JWST could check.

Source: Thermally irreversible sulfur chemisorption on silicate grains as a major sulfur reservoir in molecular clouds, https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37663

Seeds carry their own microbes. Some help the plant, others make it sick. Farmers fight the bad ones with chemicals.

A Paris team tried another weapon: cold plasma. It is electrified air, full of reactive molecules, yet close to room temperature. They zapped seeds of the lab plant Arabidopsis for 5 or 15 minutes.

Untreated, up to 100% of the seeds grew mould, depending on the batch. After 5 minutes of plasma, almost none. After 15, none at all. Every batch still sprouted fully, at the same speed.

The surprise came later. DNA tests on the seedlings showed a reshuffled fungal community. The dominant Penicillium faded in some batches, and other fungi took its place. Cleaning a seed also decides who moves in next.

Source: Cold atmospheric plasma decontaminates Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and remodels seedling fungal microbiota, https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37222