SUPERNOVA ƊAYA, AN GANTA SAU DA DAMA
Babban tarin galaxies yana lanƙwasa hasken abubuwan da ke nesa a bayansa. Wannan ruwan tabarau na nauyi (gravitational lens) zai iya nuna abu ɗaya mai nisa sau da dama — kuma tun da kowane hoto yana bin hanya mai tsawo dabam, hotunan ba sa isowa tare. Idan abin da ke baya tauraro ne mai fashewa, za a iya auna jinkirin da ke tsakanin hotunansa. Idan aka haɗa shi da samfurin nauyin tarin, wannan jinkiri yana ba da Hubble constant, saurin faɗaɗar sararin samaniya, ba tare da dogaro da tsanin nisa na yau da kullum ba.
Irin waɗannan supernovae masu maimaitawa kaɗan ne kawai aka sani, mafi nisa daga cikinsu yana jiran wani hoto na gaba da aka hasashe a redshift 1.95. Wani sabo, wanda Seiji Fujimoto na University of Toronto da abokan aikinsa 66 suka ba da rahotonsa, ya kusa ninka wannan redshift.
Ɗigon da ba ya nan
Binciken VENUS yana amfani da James Webb Space Telescope don ɗaukar hotunan tarin galaxies masu aiki kamar ruwan tabarau akai-akai. A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2026, ya kalli tarin RXC J0018.5+1626 a cikin filters goma. Wani ƙaramin tushen haske mai ja sosai ya bayyana wanda ba ya cikin hotunan Webb da aka ɗauka a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2024, ko a hotunan Hubble na baya. Wani abu ya fashe a tsakani.
Ƙungiyar ta samu ƙarin lokacin Webb daga darakta. A ranar 17 ga Agusta 2026, wani rukunin hotuna na biyu da spectrum mai zurfi suka biyo baya.
Tarin a lokacin ganowa. Baka-baka suna nuna SN Helios; da’irar yanke-yanke tana nuna inda ake hasashen hoto na gaba, shekaru 2 zuwa 6 daga baya. Dama: babu komai a Disamba 2024, supernova a Yuli 2026, ya riga ya dushe a Agusta. — Hoto na 1, Fujimoto da abokan aiki (2026), arXiv:2609.30440.
Alamar yatsan hydrogen
Spectrum ɗin yana nuna ƙaƙƙarfan layin hydrogen-alpha mai faɗi, mai faɗin kusan km/s 7,900, tare da nutsewa a gefensa na shuɗi — siffar “P-Cygni” ta gargajiya ta gajimare mai faɗaɗa. Layukan hydrogen-beta da helium suna bin tsari ɗaya. Hukunci: supernova na Type II, rushewar tsakiyar babban tauraro wanda ya riƙe rigarsa ta hydrogen, a redshift 3.34. Matakansa na waje suna faɗaɗa da km/s 7,000 zuwa 9,000.
Kwatanta da supernovae na kusa ya sanya spectrum ɗin kwanaki 27.5 ± 2.8 bayan ƙolin haske, a lokacin tauraron na kansa. Mafi kusancin kama shi ne SN 2013ej, wani abu mai saurin dushewa.
Alƙawari a 2028–2032
Samfura biyar masu zaman kansu na nauyin tarin sun yarda cewa supernova ɗin yana da hotuna da dama. Sun sanya ƙara girman hoton da aka gani tsakanin 5.3 da 25.1; ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kusan 11. Hoto na gaba ya kamata ya bayyana shekaru 2 zuwa 6 bayan ganowa — tsakanin 2028 da 2032 — kusan a wuri ɗaya a dukkan samfuran. Wasu samfura ma suna sanya wani hoto na baya shekaru da dama a baya.
SN Helios shi ne supernova na farko da aka tabbatar yana da hotuna da dama bayan redshift 2 tare da hoto na gaba da ake sa rai a cikin lokacin da za a iya aunawa. Ya fashe shekaru biliyan 1.4 a baya a tarihin sararin samaniya fiye da masu riƙe da tarihin irin wannan a baya. Da zarar an tabbatar da samfuran tarin ta hanyar spectroscopy na Keck da aka tsara, marubutan suna fatan auna Hubble constant da daidaito kamar 2–4% da aka kai da supernovae na baya da ruwan tabarau ya shafa.
Gidan da ya yi duhu da yawa a gani
Babu galaxy da ake gani a wurin fashewar — ba a cikin zurfafan hotunan infrared ba, ba a layukan fitar da haske ba, ba a hasken millimetre na ALMA ba. Bayan gyara ƙara girman, galaxy mai masaukin dole ya fi duhu fiye da cikakken magnitude na ultraviolet na kusan −13, ya fi duhu fiye da kowane sanannen mai masaukin irin wannan supernova. Wannan yana goyon bayan ra’ayin cewa ƙananan galaxies suna samar da ƙarin irin waɗannan fashe-fashe a kowane tauraro da aka samar.
Ɗan damfara a redshift 16
Launuka na farko sun ba da wani labari dabam sosai. Faɗuwa mai kaifi ƙasa da micron 2, rashin mai masauki, da ganinsa a dukkan bands masu ja sun yi kama da alamar galaxy a redshift kusan 16 — kuma ƙungiyar ta fara ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan takara mai alƙawari. Alamomi uku sun rushe hakan cikin kwana ɗaya: wata sassauƙar alama a cikin band na “dropout”, launi mai faɗi tsakanin filters biyu maƙwabta, kuma mafi muhimmanci, gaskiyar cewa tushen hasken bai wanzu ba a 2024.
Don nuna yadda ɓadda kamannin ya gamsar, marubutan sun raba fluxes da ƙara girman suka daidaita samfuran galaxy: amsar ita ce redshift 15.8, tare da yiwuwar fiye da 99.99% sama da redshift 10. Ainihin spectrum na supernova yana nuna yadda wani mataki a cikin hasken sa tare da layin hydrogen ke kwaikwayon galaxy mai nisa sosai.
Ba don ruwan tabarau da ƙarin kallo ba, da SN Helios ya wuce a matsayin galaxy a redshift 15.8. — Hoto na 6, Fujimoto da abokan aiki (2026), arXiv:2609.30440.
Samfuri ga masu farauta
Zurfafan bincike da ke kaiwa magnitude 30–31 su ne daidai inda irin waɗannan ’yan damfara ke da isasshen haske da za a gano su kuma a yi kuskuren rarraba su da tabbaci. Samun ɗaya a bayan tarin ɗaya kawai yana nuna cewa manyan bincike marasa ruwan tabarau suna fuskantar ƙarin su. Ƙungiyar ta saki spectrum ɗin a matsayin samfuri (template) don masu farautar galaxies su tantance ’yan takararsu. An tsara ziyarar Webb ta uku a ƙarshen 2026 don bin layin hasken yayin da agogo ke tafiya zuwa bayyanar supernova na gaba.